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        Genomics Precision Diagnostic > Prenatal > Skeletal Dysplasias Precision Panel

        Skeletal Dysplasias Precision Panel

        Skeletal Dysplasias, also known as osteochondrodysplasias, are a clinically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of more than 450 inherited disorders characterized by abnormalities mainly of cartilage and bone growth although they can also affect muscle, tendons and ligaments, resulting in abnormal shape and size of the skeleton and disproportion of long bones, spine and head. 
        Overview
        Indication
        Clinical Utility
        Genes & Diseases
        Methodology
        References

        Overview

        • Skeletal Dysplasias, also known as osteochondrodysplasias, are a clinically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of more than 450 inherited disorders characterized by abnormalities mainly of cartilage and bone growth although they can also affect muscle, tendons and ligaments, resulting in abnormal shape and size of the skeleton and disproportion of long bones, spine and head. They differ in natural histories, prognoses, inheritance patterns and physiopathologic mechanisms. They range in severity from those that are embryonically lethal to those with minimum morbidity. Approximately 5% of children with congenital birth defects have skeletal dysplasias. Until recently, the diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia relied almost exclusively on careful phenotyping, however, the advent of genomic tests has the potential to make a more accurate and definite diagnosis based on the suspected clinical diagnosis. The 4 most common skeletal dysplasias are thanatophoric dysplasia, achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta and achondrogenesis. The inheritance pattern of skeletal dysplasias is variable and includes autosomal dominant, recessive and X-linked. 

        • The Igenomix Skeletal Dysplasias Precision Panel can be used to make a directed and accurate differential diagnosis of skeletal abnormalities ultimately leading to a better management and prognosis of the disease. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the genes involved in this disease using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to fully understand the spectrum of relevant genes involved.  

        Indication

        • The Igenomix Skeletal Dysplasias Precision Panel is indicated for those patients with a suspected clinical diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia presenting with the following manifestations: 
          • Family history of skeletal dysplasia 
          • Multiple spontaneous abortions or stillbirths in a family 
          • Maternal hydramnios (excess amniotic fluid during pregnancy) 
          • Fetal hydrops (fetal generalized edema) 
          • Disproportionate short stature 
          • Intellectual disability 
          • Disproportionate short stature 
          • Other associated manifestations 
            • Ocular: Cataracts, myopi
            • Oral cavity: Bifid uvula, cleft palate 
            • Central Nervous System (CNS): intracranial pathologic processes, neurologic impairment 
            • Skin: redundant skin folds, acanthosis nigricans 
            • Polydactyly 
            • Nails: Hypoplastic nails 
            • Joints: Multiple join dislocations 
            • Long bone fractures 
            • Heart: atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, transposition of great vessels 

        Clinical Utility

        The clinical utility of this panel is: 

        • The genetic and molecular confirmation for an accurate clinical diagnosis of a symptomatic patient.  
        • Early initiation of treatment with a multidisciplinary team that includes supportive treatment in the form of medical care, early surgical care, rehabilitation and physical therapy.   
        • Prenatal detection of skeletal dysplasias for a directed obstetric and perinatal treatment of affected infants. 
        • Combining phenotypic and genotypic data to improve diagnostic rate of these patients in the target population.
        • Risk assessment of asymptomatic family members according to the mode of inheritance.

        Genes & Diseases

        See all genes and diseases

         

        GENE 

        OMIM DISEASES 

        INHERITANCE* 

        % GENE COVERAGE (20X) 

        HGMD** 

        ABCC9 

        Acromegaloid Facial
        Appearance Syndrome,
        Familial Atrial Fibrillation,
        Familial, 
        Brugada Syndrome,
        Dilated Cardiomyopathy,
        Hypertrichosis-
        Acromegaloid
         Facial Appearance Syndrome,
        Hypertrichotic 
        Osteochondrodysplasia, 

        AD 

        100% 

        51 of 51 

        ACAN 

        Osteochondritis Dissecans,
        Short Stature And Early-onset
        Osteoarthritis, 
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia Aggrecan Type,
        Spondyloepiphyseal
        Dysplasia Kimberley Type
         

        AD,AR 

        86.19% 

        63 of 65 

        ACP5 

        Combined Immunodeficiency
        With Autoimmunity And 
        Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia,
        Spondyloenchondrodysplasia
         

        AR 

        100% 

        27 of 28 

        ACTB 

        Baraitser-Winter Cerebrofrontofacial 
        Syndrome, 
        Baraitser-Winter Syndrome,
        Becker Nevus Syndrome,
        Developmental
        Malformations-Deafness-Dystonia
        Syndrome
         

        AD 

        100% 

        40 of 40 

        ACTG1 

        Baraitser-Winter Cerebrofrontofacial
         Syndrome, Autosomal
        Dominant Deafness
         

        AD 

        98.59% 

        55 of 55 

        AFF4 

        Chops Syndrome,
        Cognitive Impairment-Coarse
        Facies-Heart Defects,
        Obesity-Pulmonary Involvement,
        Short Stature-Skeletal
        Dysplasia Syndrome
         

        AD 

        99.42% 

        6 of 6 

        AIFM1 

        Combined Oxidative
        Phosphorylation Deficiency,
         
        Cowchock Syndrome,
        X-linked 
        Cowck Deafness,
        Leukoencephalopathy-
        Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia
        Syndrome,
        Severe X-linked Mitochondrial 
        Encephalomyopathy, 
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia,
        X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth
        Disease Type 4
         

        X,XR,G 

        100% 

        NA of NA 

        AKT1 

        Breast Cancer,
        Colorectal Cancer,
        Cowden Syndrome,
        Meningioma,
        Proteus Syndrome
         

        AD 

        100% 

        6 of 6 

        ALDH3A2 

        Sjogren-Larsson
        Syndrome
         

        AR 

        96% 

        119 of 119 

        ALG9 

        ALG9-CDG Congenital
        Disorder Of Glycosylation
        Type II, Polycystic Kidney
        Disease Potter Type I
         

        AR 

        99.99% 

        6 of 6 

        ANAPC1 

        Rothmund-Thomson 
        Syndrome Type 1 

        AR 

        86.31% 

        3 of 4 

        ANKH 

        Chondrocalcinosis,
         
        Craniometaphyseal 
        Dysplasia, Autosomal 
        Dominant Familial Calcium 
        Pyrophosphate Deposition 

        AD 

        100% 

        19 of 19 

        ANOS1 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome,
         
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
         

        X,XR,G 

        96.86% 

        NA of NA 

        ARSB 

        Mucopolysaccharidosis 
        Type VI 

        AR 

        99.83% 

        217 of 220 

        B3GALT6 

        Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
        Progeroid Type 2, 
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia With Joint Laxity
         

        AR 

        65.09% 

        24 of 39 

        B4GALT7 

        B4GALT7-Related
         
        Spondylodysplastic
         Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.92% 

        11 of 11 

        BGN 

        Meester-Loeys Syndrome,
        X-linked 
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia
         

        X,XR,G 

        99.87% 

        NA of NA 

        BMPR1B 

        Acromesomelic Dysplasia
        Grebe Type, Brachydactyly
        Type A1, A2, C, D,
        Aplasia-Complex
        Brachydactyly Syndrome
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        33 of 34 

        CANT1 

        Desbuquois Dysplasia,
         
        Desbuquois Syndrome,
         
        Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia 

        AR 

        99.98% 

        29 of 30 

        CCDC141 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism
        Without Anosmia,
         
        Kallmann Syndrome 

        AR 

         

        99,70% 

         

        1 of 1 

        CDH3 

        Eem Syndrome,
        Hypotrichosis With Juvenile
        Macular Degeneration,
        Congenital Hypotrichosis
        With Juvenile Macular Dystrophy
         

        AR 

        95% 

        34 of 36 

        CDKN1C 

        Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome,
        IMAGE Syndrome,
        Intrauterine Growth
        Restriction-Short Stature-Early
        Adult-Onset Diabetes Syndrome,
        Metaphyseal Dysplasia, Adrenal
        Hypoplasia Congenita,
        And Genital Anomalies
         

        AD 

        73.58% 

        55 of 76 

        CEP120 

        Jeune Syndrome,
        Joubert Syndrome,
        Short-Rib Thoracic
        Dysplasia With Or
        Without Polydactyly
         

        AR 

        99.80% 

        9 of 9 

        CFAP410 

        Amyotrophic Lateral
        Sclerosis, Cone Rod Dystrophy,
        Retinal Dystrophy With
        Or Without Macular Staphyloma,
        Axial 
        Spondylometaphyseal 
        Dysplasia
         

        AR 

        na 

        na 

        CHD7 

        CHARGE Syndrome, 
        Hypogonadotropic
         Hypogonadism With 
        Or Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Normosmic Congenital
         Hypogonadotropic
         Hypogonadism,
         
        Omenn Syndrome 

        AD 

        96.25% 

        823 of 896 

        CHST3 

        CHST3-Related Skeletal
        Dysplasia, Multiple Joint
        Dislocations, Short Stature,
        Craniofacial Dysmorphism
        With Or Without Congenital
        Heart Defects,
        Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
        With Congenital
        Joint Dislocations
         

        AR 

        99.97% 

        38 of 38 

        COL10A1 

        Metaphyseal 
        Chondrodysplasia
         Schmid Type 

        AD 

        96.18% 

        55 of 55 

        COL11A1 

        Autosomal Dominant
        Myopia-Midfacial
        Retrusion-Sensorineural
        Hearing Loss, 
        Rhizomelic
         Dysplasia Syndrome,
        Autosomal Recessive
        Stickler Syndrome,
        Autosomal Dominant
        Deafness, 
        Fibrochondrogenesis,
        Marshall Syndrome,
        Stickler Syndrome Type 2
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        104 of 106 

        COL11A2 

        Autosomal Dominant 
        Otospondylomegaepiphyseal 
        Dysplasia,
        Autosomal Dominant Deafness,
         
        Fibrochondrogenesis,
        Stickler Syndrome Type 3
         

        AD,AR 

        99.98% 

        58 of 58 

        COL1A1 

        Arthrochalasia,
        Ehlers-Danlos 
        Syndrome,
         
        Caffey Disease, 
        Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans,
        Ehlers-Danlos 
        Syndrome Type 7,
         
        Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I, 
        IIa, III, IV, Osteoporosis 

        AD 

        99.98% 

        1156 of 1159 

        COL1A2 

        Arthrochalasia Ehlers-Danlos
         
        Syndrome, 
        Cardiac-Valvular
        Ehlers-Danlos 
        Syndrome, 
        Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 
        Type IIa, III, IV, Osteoporosis 

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        576 of 581 

        COL2A1 

        Achondrogenesis Type 2,
        Autosomal Dominant
         
        Otospondylomegaepiphyseal
         Dysplasia, Avascular Necrosis
        Of Femoral Head, Primary Czech
        Dysplasia Metatarsal Type, 
        Dysspondyloenchondromatosis,
        Epiphyseal Dysplasia Multiple
        With Myopia And Conductive
        Deafness, Familial Avascular
        Necrosis Of Femoral Head, 
        Kniest Dysplasia,
        Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease,
        Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
        Beighton Type,
        Osteoarthritis With Mild
        Chondrodysplasia,
         
        Platyspondylic Dysplasia
        Torrance Type, 
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia
        Congenita Strudwick Type,
        Stanescu Type,
        Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia
        ‘Corner Fracture’ Type,
         
        Spondyloperipheral Dysplasia,
        Short Ulna Syndrome,
        Stickler Syndrome Type 1
         

        AD,MU 

        100% 

        583 of 583 

        COL3A1 

        Acrogeria, Ehlers-Danlos
        Syndrome Type IV,
        Autosomal Dominant
        Familial Cerebral Saccular
        Aneurysm, Polymicrogyria With
        Or Without Vascular-Type
        Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome,
        Vascular Ehlers-Danlos
        Syndrome
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        676 of 676 

        COL9A1 

        Autosomal Recessive
        Stickler Syndrome,
        Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia,
        Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
        Due To Collagen 9 Anomaly,
        Stickler Syndrome Type IV
         

        AD,AR 

        99.98% 

        8 of 8 

        COL9A2 

        Autosomal Recessive Stickler
        Syndrome, Multiple Epiphyseal
        Dysplasia, Multiple Epiphyseal
        Dysplasia Due To Collagen
        9 Anomaly, Stickler Syndrome,
        Type V
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        16 of 16 

        COL9A3 

        Autosomal Recessive Stickler
        Syndrome, Multiple Epiphyseal
        Dysplasia, Multiple Epiphyseal
        Dysplasia Due To Collagen 9
        Anomaly
         

        AD 

        99.98% 

        20 of 20 

        COMP 

        Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia,
         
        Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
         Type 1, Pseudoachondroplasia 

        AD 

        99.71% 

        189 of 189 

        CTSA 

        Galactosialidosis,
         
        Neuraminidase 
        Deficiency With 
        Beta-
        Galactosidase
         Deficiency 

        AR 

        100% 

        40 of 40 

        CTSK 

        Pycnodysostosis 

        AR 

        99.97% 

        59 of 59 

        CWC27 

        Retinitis Pigmentosa
        With Or Without Skeletal
        Anomalies
         

        AR 

        99.77% 

        8 of 8 

        DCC 

        Colorectal Cancer,
         
        Esophageal Cancer,
        Familial Congenital
        Mirror Movements,
        Familial Horizontal
        Gaze Palsy With Progressive
        Scoliosis And Impaired
        Intellectual Development, 
        Kallmann Syndrome 

        AD,AR 

        94% 

        39 of 39 

        DCHS1 

        Cerebrofacioarticular Syndrome,
        Mitral Valve 
        Prolapse,
        Van 
        Maldergem Syndrome 

        AD,AR 

        99.69% 

        30 of 30 

        DDR2 

        Spondylometaepiphyseal 
        Dysplasia, Short Limb-hand
        Type, Warburg-
        Cinotti
         Syndrome 

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        13 of 13 

        DDRGK1 

        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia, Shohat Type 

        AR 

        99.94% 

        1 of 1 

        DMP1 

        Autosomal Recessive 
        Hypophosphatemic Rickets 

        AR 

        99.89% 

        11 of 11 

        DNAJC21 

        Bone Marrow
        Failure Syndrome,
         
        Shwachman-Diamond
        Syndrome
         

        AR 

        99.83% 

        12 of 12 

        DUSP6 

        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
        With Or Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome,
         
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism
         

        AD,AR 

        99.36% 

        4 of 4 

        DYM 

        Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen
        Disease,
        Smith-
        Mccort
         Dysplasia 

        AR 

        90% 

        37 of 37 

        DYNC2H1 

        Jeune Syndrome,
        Short Rib-Polydactyly
        Syndrome Verma-
        Naumoff Type,
        Short-Rib Thoracic Dysplasia
        With Or Without Polydactyly
         

        AR,MU,D 

        99.78% 

        214 of 221 

        DYNC2I1 

        Jeune Syndrome,
        Short Rib-Polydactyly
        Syndrome Verma-
        Naumoff Type,
        Short-Rib Thoracic Dysplasia
        With Or Without Polydactyly
         

        AR 

        97.76% 

        14 of 14 

        DYNC2I2 

        Jeune Syndrome,
        Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome,
        Verma-
        Naumoff Type,
        Short-Rib Thoracic Dysplasia
        With Or Without Polydactyly
         

        AR 

        99.54% 

        23 of 23 

        DYNC2LI1 

        Ellis Van Creveld Syndrome,
         
        Jeune Syndrome,
        Short-Rib Thoracic
        Dysplasia With Polydactyly
         

        AR 

        91.58% 

        16 of 16 

        EIF2AK3 

        Multiple Epiphyseal
        Dysplasia With
        Early-Onset Diabetes Mellitus,
        Wolcott-
        Rallison Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.30% 

        89 of 89 

        ENPP1 

        Generalized Arterial
        Calcification Of Infancy,
        Autosomal Recessive 
        Hypophosphatemic Rickets,
        Cole Disease,
        Noninsulin-Dependent
        Diabetes Mellitus,
        Obesity,
        Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
         

        AD,AR,MU,P 

        96.59% 

        73 of 75 

        ERF 

        Chitayat Syndrome,
        Crouzon Disease,
        Familial Lambdoid Synostosis,
        Isolated Cloverleaf
        Skull Syndrome
         

        AD 

        99.73% 

        31 of 31 

        EXOC6B 

        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia With Joint Laxity, 
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia With Joint Laxity
        Type 3
         

        AR 

        99.99% 

        2 of 3 

        EXTL3 

        Immunoskeletal Dysplasia
        With Neurodevelopmental
        Abnormalities, Skeletal
        Dysplasia-T-Cell
        Immunodeficiency
        Developmental Delay
        Syndrome
         

        AR 

        99.99% 

        10 of 10 

        FAM111A 

        Autosomal Dominant
        Kenny-Caffey Syndrome,
        Gracile Bone Dysplasia
         

        AD 

        99.47% 

        9 of 10 

        FAT4 

        Cerebrofacioarticular
        Syndrome, 
        Hennekam 
        Lymphangiectasia-Lymphedema
        Syndrome,
        Van 
        Maldergem Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.80% 

        41 of 41 

        FEZF1 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia,
         
        Kallmann Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.95% 

        3 of 3 

        FGF17 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With Or
        Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism
         

        AD,AR 

        99.98% 

        8 of 8 

        FGF8 

        Alobar Holoprosencephaly,
         
        Hypogonadotropic 
        Hypogonadism With Or
         Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome,
        Lobar 
        Holoprosencephaly,
         
        Microform Holoprosencephaly,
         
        Midline Interhemispheric Variant
         Of Holoprosencephaly, 
        Normosmic Congenital
         Hypogonadotropic 
        Hypogonadism,
        Septopreoptic Holoprosencephaly 

        AD 

        98.36% 

        38 of 38 

        FGFR1 

        Encephalocraniocutaneous
         Lipomatosis,
         
        Hartsfield Syndrome,
         
        Isolated Trigonocephaly,
        Jackson-Weiss 
        Syndrome,
         
        Kallmann Syndrome,
        Lobar 
        Holoprosencephaly,
         
        Microform Holoprosencephaly,
         
        Normosmic Congenital 
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism, 
        Oligodontia,
         
        Osteoglophonic Dysplasia, 
        Pfeiffer Syndrome, 
        Semilobar Holoprosencephaly,
        Septo-
        Optic Dysplasia Spectrum,
         
        Nonsyndromic Trigonocephaly 

        AD 

        100% 

        279 of 280 

        FGFR3 

        Severe Achondroplasia With
        Developmental Delay And
        Acanthosis Nigricans,
        Bladder Cancer,
         
        Camptodactyly-Tall
        Stature-Scoliosis-Hearing
        Loss Syndrome,
        Cervical Cancer,
        Colorectal Cancer,
        Crouzon Syndrome With
        Acanthosis Nigricans,
        Epidermal Nevus,
        Hypochondroplasia,
        Isolated Brachycephaly,
        Isolated Plagiocephaly,
         
        Lacrimoauriculodentodigital
         Syndrome, Muenke Syndrome,
         
        Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome,
        Severe
        Achondroplasia-Developmental
        Delay-Acanthosis Nigricans
        Syndrome, Testicular 
        Tumor,
        Thanatophoric Dysplasia
        Type 1 And 2
         

        AD,AR 

        99.89% 

        77 of 78 

        FLNA 

        X-linked Cardiac Valvular 
        Dysplasia, Congenital Short
         
        Bowel Syndrome, 
        Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia,
        X-
        linked Dominant 
        Periventricular 
        Heterotopia,
        Neuronal Intestinal 
        Pseudoobstruction, 
        Melnick-Needles Syndrome,
         
        Otopalatodigital Syndrome 
        Type 1, 2, Periventricular
        Nodular 
        Heterotopia, Terminal 
        Osseous Dysplasia, X-linked
        Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 

        X,XR,XD,G 

        100% 

        NA of NA 

        FLNB 

        Atelosteogenesis
        Type I and Type III,
        Boomerang Dysplasia,
        Larsen Syndrome, 
        Spondylocarpotarsal 
        Synostosis Syndrome
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        124 of 124 

        FLRT3 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia,
         
        Kallmann Syndrome 

        AD 

        99.98% 

        7 of 7 

        FN1 

        Fibronectin Glomerulopathy, 
        Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia
        ‘Corner Fracture’ Type
         

        AD 

        100% 

        34 of 34 

        GDF5 

        Acromesomelic Dysplasia
         Grebe Type, Hunter-Thompson
         
        Type, 
        Angel-Shaped 
        Phalango-Epiphyseal Dysplasia,
         
        Brachydactyly Type A1, Type A2, 
        Type C, Chondrodysplasia 
        Grebe Type,
        Fibular Aplasia-
        Complex 
        Brachydactyly Syndrome, 
        Multiple Synostoses Syndrome,
        Proximal 
        Symphalangism 

        AD,AR 

        99.48% 

        48 of 51 

        GJA1 

        Alopecia Congenita With
        Keratosis 
        Palmoplantaris,
        Atrioventricular Septal Defect,
        Autosomal Dominant
        Palmoplantar Keratoderma And
        Congenital Alopecia, 
        Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia, 
        Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis,
        hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome,
        Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome,
        Oculodentodigital Dysplasia,
        Syndactyly Type 3
         

        AD,AR,MU,O 

        100% 

        119 of 119 

        GLI3 

        Acrocallosal Syndrome, 
        Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly
         Syndrome, Congenital
         Hypothalamic Hamartoma
         Syndrome,
         
        Pallister-hall Syndrome,
         
        Postaxial Polydactyly,
         
        Preaxial Polydactyly,
        Tibial Hemimelia
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        231 of 231 

        GNAS 

        ACTH-Independent
        Macronodular Adrenal
        Hyperplasia,
        Albright Hereditary
        Osteodystrophy,
        Cushing Syndrome
        Due To Macronodular
        Adrenal Hyperplasia,
         
        Mazabraud Syndrome,
        McCune-Albright Syndrome,
        Progressive Osseous,
        Pseudohypoparathyroidism
        Type 1A, 1B, 1C Type 1c
         

        AD 

        99.95% 

        263 of 273 

        GPX4 

        Spondylometaphyseal 
        Dysplasia Sedaghatian Type 

        AR 

        79.72% 

        3 of 3 

        HBB 

        Alpha-Thalassemia,
        Beta-thalassemia,
        Heinz Body Anemias,
        Hemoglobin
        C-Beta-Thalassemia
        Syndrome, Hemoglobin
        E-beta-thalassemia Syndrome,
        Hereditary Persistence Of Fetal
        Hemoglobin-Beta-Thalassemia
        Syndrome, Sickle Cell Anemia
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        753 of 789 

        HDAC6 

        Chondrodysplasia With
        Platyspondyly, Distinctive
        Brachydactyly,
        Hydrocephaly and
        Microphthalmia,
        X-linked Dominant
        Chondrodysplasia,
        Chassaing-Lacombe Type 

        X,XD,G 

        100% 

        NA of NA 

        HESX1 

        Combined Pituitary
        Hormone Deficiencies,
        Genetic Forms,
        Hypothyroidism,
         
        Kallmann Syndrome,
        Pituitary Stalk Interruption
        Syndrome, 
        Septo-Optic
        Dysplasia Spectrum
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        26 of 26 

        HS6ST1 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism
         

        AD 

        99.97% 

        8 of 8 

        HSPA9 

        Autosomal Dominant
        Sideroblastic 
        Anemia,
        Even-Plus Syndrome
         

        AD,AR 

        99.72% 

        14 of 14 

        HSPG2 

        Dyssegmental Dysplasia
        Silverman-
        Handmaker Type,
        Schwartz-
        jJmpel Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.41% 

        68 of 69 

        IARS2 

        Cataract-Growth Hormone
        Deficiency-Sensory
        Neuropathy-Sensorineural
        Hearing Loss-Skeletal
        Dysplasia Syndrome
         

        AR 

        99.95% 

        11 of 11 

        IDUA 

        Hurler Syndrome,
        Hurler-
        Scheie Syndrome, 
        Scheie Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.73% 

        287 of 292 

        IFT140 

        Jeune Syndrome,
         
        Leber Congenital Amaurosis,
        Retinitis Pigmentosa,
        Short-Rib Thoracic Dysplasia
        With Or Without Polydactyly
         

        AR 

        99.97% 

        81 of 81 

        IFT172 

        Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, 
        Jeune Syndrome,
        Retinitis Pigmentosa,
        Short-Rib Thoracic
        Dysplasia With Or
        Without Polydactyly
         

        AR 

        100% 

        37 of 37 

        IFT80 

        Asphyxiating Thoracic
        Dystrophy, 
        Jeune Syndrome,
        Short Rib-Polydactyly
        Syndrome,
        Verma-
        Naumoff Type 

        AR 

        99.96% 

        16 of 16 

        IHH 

        Acrocapitofemoral 
        Dysplasia, Brachydactyly 
        Type A1 

        AD,AR 

        99.39% 

        28 of 29 

        IL17RD 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia,
        Kallmann Syndrome 

        AD,AR 

        99.95% 

        17 of 17 

        KCNJ8 

        Brugada Syndrome,
        Hypertrichotic
         Osteochondrodysplasia, 
        Cantu Type 

         

        100% 

        8 of 8 

        KIF22 

        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia With Multiple
        Dislocations
         

        AD 

        100% 

        4 of 4 

        KIF7 

        Acrocallosal Syndrome,
         
        Hydrolethalus Syndrome,
        Macrocephaly With Multiple
        Epiphyseal Dysplasia And
        Distinctive Facies,
         
        Orofaciodigital
         Syndrome Type 6 

        AR 

        94.91% 

        47 of 50 

        KISS1R 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With Or
        Without Anosmia,
         
        Kallmann Syndrome,
         
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism,
        Central Precocious Puberty
         

        AD,AR 

        99.41% 

        42 of 43 

        KRAS 

        Aplasia Cutis Congenita
        With 
        Epibulbar Dermoids,
        Arteriovenous Malformation
        Of The Brain, 
        Somatic,bladder Cancer,
        Breast Cancer,
         
        Cardiofaciocutaneous
         Syndrome,
         
        Encephalocraniocutaneous 
        Lipomatosis,
        Familial Pancreatic Carcinoma,
        Gastric Cancer,
        Acute Myeloid 
        Leukemia,
        Linear Nevus 
        Sebaceus Syndrome,
        Lung Cancer, Lynch Syndrome,
        Noonan Syndrome,
        Pancreatic Cancer,
        RAS-associated Autoimmune
        Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
        Type IV, 
        Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims
        Syndrome,
         
        Toriello-Lacassie-Droste Syndrome 

        AD 

        100% 

        38 of 38 

        LBR 

        Greenberg Dysplasia,
        Hydrops-Ectopic
        Calcification-Moth-Eaten
        Skeletal Dysplasia, 
        Pelger-Huet Anomaly,
        Reynolds Syndrome
         

        AD,AR 

        99.98% 

        34 of 34 

        LEMD3 

        12q14 Microdeletion Syndrome, 
        Buschke-Ollendorff Syndrome,
        Isolated 
        Osteopoikilosis, 
        Melorheostosis With Osteopoikilosis 

        AD 

        99.06% 

        30 of 33 

        LIFR 

        Stuve-Wiedemann
         Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.81% 

        33 of 33 

        LMX1B 

        9q33.3q34.11 Microdeletion
        Syndrome, Nail-Patella Syndrome,
        Nail-Patella-Like Renal Disease
         

        AD 

        100% 

        191 of 191 

        LONP1 

        Codas Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.84% 

        21 of 21 

        LOXL3 

        Autosomal Recessive 
        Stickler Syndrome 

         

        99.97% 

        7 of 7 

        LTBP3 

        Acromicric Dysplasia,
         
        Geleophysic Dysplasia
        Platyspondyly
        With Amelogenesis Imperfecta
         

        AD,AR 

        97.67% 

        22 of 23 

        MAB21L2 

        Syndromic Microphthalmia 

        AD,AR 

        99.97% 

        8 of 8 

        MATN3 

        Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia,
        Osteoarthritis Of Distal
        Interphalangeal Joints,
         
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal
         Dysplasia, Matrilin-3 Related 

        AD,AR 

        86.16% 

        24 of 25 

        MBTPS1 

        Spondyloepiphyseal 
        Dysplasia, Kondo-Fu Type 

        AR 

        99.99% 

        5 of 5 

        MMP13 

        Metaphyseal Anadysplasia,
        Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia,
        Spahr Type,
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia,
        Missouri Type,
         
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal
         Dysplasia Type II 

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        10 of 10 

        MYSM1 

        Bone Marrow Failure Syndrome,
        Congenital Progressive Bone
        Marrow Failure-B-Cell
        Immunodeficiency-Skeletal
        Dysplasia Syndrome
         

        AR 

        98.50% 

        4 of 4 

        NANS 

        Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia,
         
        Genevieve Type 

        AR 

        99.97% 

        12 of 12 

        NEU1 

        Congenital Sialidosis Type 2,
         
        Juvenile Sialidosis Type 2, 
        Neuraminidase Deficiency,
         
        Sialidosis Type 1 

        AR 

        100% 

        68 of 68 

        NKX3-2 

        Spondylo-Megaepiphyseal-
        Metaphyseal
         
        Dysplasia 

        AR 

        99.02% 

        5 of 5 

        NLRC4 

        Autoinflammation With Infantile
        Enterocolitis,
        Familial Cold Autoinflammatory
        Syndrome
         

        AD 

        99.54% 

        15 of 15 

        NLRP3 

        Cinca Syndrome,
        Autosomal Dominant Deafness,
        Familial Cold Inflammatory
        Syndrome,
        Familial Cold Urticaria, 
        Keratoendotheliitis Fugax 
        Hereditaria, Muckle-Wells
        Syndrome
         

        AD 

        100% 

        152 of 152 

        NOTCH2 

        Acroosteolysis Dominant Type,
         
        Acroosteolysis With Osteoporosis
        And Changes In Skull And
        Mandible, Alagille Syndrome
         

        AD 

        99.88% 

        91 of 91 

        NPR2 

        Acromesomelic Dysplasia, 
        Maroteaux Type,
        Epiphyseal Chondrodysplasia,
        Miura Type, Short Stature With
        Nonspecific Skeletal Abnormalities
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        81 of 81 

        NSMF 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia,
         
        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
         

        AD 

        99.69% 

        11 of 11 

        P4HB 

        Cole-Carpenter Syndrome 

        AD 

        94.97% 

        13 of 13 

        PAM16 

        Chondrodysplasia, 
        Megarbane–Dagher-Melki
        Type
         

        AR 

        41% 

        2 of 2 

        PAPSS2 

        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia, Pakistani Type 

        AR 

        99.97% 

        27 of 27 

        PCYT1A 

        Leber Congenital Amaurosis, 
        Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia
        With Cone-Rod
        Dystrophy Syndrome
         

        AR 

        99.98% 

        22 of 22 

        PEX1 

        Deafness-Enamel
        Hypoplasia-Nail Defects Syndrome,
        Sensorineural Hearing Loss With
        Enamel Hypoplasia And Nail Defects,
        Infantile 
        Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy,
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder,
        Zellweger Syndrome
         

        AR 

        97.02% 

        126 of 134 

        PEX10 

        Autosomal Recessive
        Ataxia Due To PEX10
        Deficiency, Infantile 
        Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy,
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder 6A,
        Zellweger Syndrome
         

        AR 

        99.76% 

        29 of 32 

        PEX11B 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy, 
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder, 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        90.29% 

        7 of 7 

        PEX12 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy,
        Peroxisome Biogenesis
        Disorder 3A (Zellweger), 
        Refsum Disease Infantile Form,
        Zellweger Syndrome
         

        AR 

        100% 

        38 of 38 

        PEX13 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy,
         
        Peroxisome Biogenesis 
        Disorder 11A (Zellwege), 
        Peroxisome Biogenesis 
        Disorder 11B, Zellweger
         Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.98% 

        11 of 12 

        PEX14 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy, 
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder 
        13A (
        Zellweger), 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        100% 

        4 of 4 

        PEX16 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy,
         
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder 
        8A (
        Zellweger), 8B, 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        100% 

        17 of 17 

        PEX19 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy,
         
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder 
        12A (
        Zellweger), 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        100% 

        5 of 5 

        PEX2 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy, 
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder 
        5A (
        Zellweger), 5B, 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.89% 

        17 of 17 

        PEX26 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy,
         
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder
         7A (Zellweger), 7B, 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        100% 

        29 of 29 

        PEX3 

        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy,
         
        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder
         10A (Zellweger), 10B, 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        100% 

        9 of 9 

        PEX5 

        Adrenoleukodystrophy, 
        Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome,
         
        Variant Types, 
        Infantile Refsum Disease,
        Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy,
         
        Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia
         Punctata Type 5, 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AR 

        100% 

        12 of 12 

        PEX6 

        Autosomal Recessive Spinocerebellar
         Ataxia-Blindness–Deafness Syndrome,
         
        Deafness-Enamel Hypoplasia-Nail 
        Defects Syndrome, Heimler Syndrome,
         
        Infantile Refsum Disease, Neonatal 
        Adrenoleukodystrophy, Peroxisome
         Biogenesis Disorder 4A (Zellweger),
        4B, 
        Zellweger Syndrome 

        AD,AR 

        99.94% 

        105 of 108 

        PEX7 

        Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder 9B,
         
        Refsum Disease, Rhizomelic 
        Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 1 

        AR 

        99.21% 

        47 of 53 

        PHYH 

        Refsum Disease 

        AR 

        100% 

        34 of 34 

        POLE 

        Colorectal Cancer,
        Facial Dysmorphism,
        Immunodeficiency,
        Livedo And Short Stature,
        IMAGE Syndrome,
        Intrauterine Growth Retardation,
        Metaphyseal Dysplasia Adrenal
        Hypoplasia Congenita Genital
        Anomalies And Immunodeficiency,
        Polymerase
        Proofreading-Related
        Adenomatous Polyposis
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        100 of 100 

        POLR1C 

        Hypomyelination-Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism-
        Hypodontia Syndrome,
         
        Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy,
        Mandibulofacial Dysostosis,
        Autosomal Recessive 
        Treacher Collins Type 

        AR 

        99.99% 

        35 of 35 

        POLR1D 

        Treacher Collins Syndrome 

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        23 of 23 

        POP1 

        Anauxetic Dysplasia 

        AR 

        99.88% 

        6 of 6 

        PROK2 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With Or
        Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome,
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
         

        AD 

        100% 

        20 of 20 

        PROKR2 

        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
        With Or Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome,
         
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism,
        Pituitary Stalk Interruption
        Syndrome, 
        Septo-optic Dysplasia Spectrum 

        AD 

        100% 

        64 of 64 

        PTEN 

        Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba
         Syndrome,
        Cowden Disease,
        Hereditary Breast And Ovarian
        Cancer Syndrome,
        Juvenile Polyposis Of Infancy,
        Lhermitte-Duclos Disease,
        Macrocephaly/Autism Syndrome,
        Familia Meningioma,
        Prostate Cancer,
        Proteus Syndrome,
        Segmental
        Outgrowth-Lipomatosis-
        Arteriovenous Malformation
        -Epidermal Nevus Syndrome
         

        AD 

        99.97% 

        609 of 629 

        PTH1R 

        Blomstrand Lethal
        Chondrodysplasia,
        Dental 
        Noneruption,
         
        Eiken Skeletal Dysplasia,
        Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia,
        Jansen Type, 
        Ollier Disease 

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        48 of 48 

        RECQL4 

        Baller-Gerold Syndrome,
         
        Rapadilino Syndrome, 
        Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome 

        AR 

        96.72% 

        134 of 135 

        RMRP 

        Anauxetic Dysplasia,
        Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia,
        Metaphyseal Dysplasia
        Without Hypotrichosis,
        Omenn Syndrome
         

        AR 

        na 

        na 

        RNU4ATAC 

        Lowry-Wood Syndrome,
        Microcephalic 
        Osteodysplastic
         Primordial Dwarfism Types
        I And III, Microcephalic 
        Osteodysplastic Primordial
        Dwarfism Type I, 
        Roifman Syndrome 

        AR 

        na 

        na 

        RPL10 

        X-linked Mental Retardation,
        X-linked Intellectual
        Disability-Cerebellar
        Hypoplasia-
        Spondylo-Epiphyseal
        Dysplasia Syndrome,
        X-linked Microcephaly-Growth
        Retardation-Prognathism-
        Cryptorchidism Syndrome
         

        X,XR,G 

        100% 

        NA of NA 

        RSPRY1 

        Progressive
         
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia-Short Stature-Short Fourth
        Metatarsals-Intellectual Disability
        Syndrome, 
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal
         Dysplasia, Faden-Alkuraya Type 

        AR 

        99.98% 

        4 of 4 

        RUNX2 

        Cleidocranial Dysplasia,
        Metaphyseal Dysplasia
        With Maxillary Hypoplasia
        And Brachydactyly
         

        AD 

        73.67% 

        189 of 190 

        SBDS 

        Aplastic Anemia, 
        Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia, 
        Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome 

        AR 

        100% 

        77 of 79 

        SEC23A 

        Craniolenticulosutural Dysplasia 

        AR 

        100% 

        4 of 4 

        SEC24D 

        Cole-Carpenter Syndrome 

        AR 

        99.97% 

        14 of 14 

        SEMA3A 

        Brugada Syndrome,
        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome 

        AD 

        100% 

        29 of 29 

        SF3B4 

        Acrofacial Dysostosis,
        Nager Type,
        Rodri
        guez Type,
        Nager Syndrome
         

        AD 

        94.86% 

        33 of 40 

        SFRP4 

        Pyle Disease 

        AR 

        99.95% 

        5 of 5 

        SLC10A7 

        Short Stature,
        Amelogenesis Imperfecta
        And Skeletal Dysplasia
        With Scoliosis
         

        AR 

        99.99% 

        8 of 8 

        SLC26A2 

        Achondrogenesis Type 1B,
        Atelosteogenesis Type II,
        Diastrophic Dwarfism,
        Diastrophic Dysplasia,
        Multiple Epiphyseal
        Dysplasia Type 4
         

        AR 

        99.59% 

        51 of 56 

        SLC39A13 

        Ehlers-Danlos
        Syndrome 
        Spondylodysplastic Type 

        AR 

        100% 

        9 of 9 

        SMARCAL1 

        Immunoosseous Dysplasia, 
        Schimke Type 

        AR 

        99.94% 

        93 of 93 

        SOX10 

        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Peripheral Demyelinating 
        Neuropathy-Central 
        Dysmyelinating 
        Leukodystrophy-Waardenburg 
        Syndrome-Hirschsprung Disease, 
        Waardenburg-Shah Syndrome 

        AD 

        99.74% 

        139 of 147 

        SPRY4 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With Or
        Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
         

        AD,AR 

        99.72% 

        13 of 13 

        SRP54 

        Autosomal Dominant
        Severe Congenital Neutropenia, 
        Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome 

        AD,AR 

        99.95% 

        8 of 8 

        STAC3 

        Native American Myopathy 

        AR 

        99.98% 

        5 of 5 

        TACR3 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With
        Or Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
         

        AR 

        99.97% 

        40 of 40 

        TBXAS1 

        Ghosal Hematodiaphyseal 
        Dysplasia 

        AR 

        100% 

        6 of 6 

        TCOF1 

        Treacher Collins-Franceschetti 
        Syndrome 

        AD 

        100% 

        326 of 327 

        TGFB1 

        Camurati-Engelmann Disease, Cystic
        Fibrosis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease,
        Immunodeficiency And Encephalopathy
         

        AD,AR 

        99.75% 

        24 of 24 

        TMEM165 

        Congenital Disorder Of
        Glycosylation Type 
        IIk 

        AR 

        93.69% 

        4 of 5 

        TMEM67 

        Bardet-Biedl Syndrome,
        Coach Syndrome,
        Joubert Syndrome,
        Joubert Syndrome With
        Hepatic Defect,
        Meckel Syndrome Type 3,
        Nephronophthisis, 
        Rhyns Syndrome 

        AR 

        96.93% 

        177 of 179 

        TONSL 

        Sponastrime Dysplasia,
         
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal 
        Dysplasia 

        AR 

        98.76% 

        36 of 40 

        TRAPPC2 

        X-linked Spondyloepiphyseal
        Dysplasia 
        Tarda 

        X,XR,G 

        99.58% 

        NA of NA 

        TREM2 

        Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,
         
        Behavioral Variant
        Of Frontotemporal Dementia,
        Early-Onset Autosomal Dominant
        Alzheimer Disease,
         
        Nasu-Hakola Disease,
        Polycystic 
        Lipomembranous
         Osteodysplasia With Sclerosing
        Leukoencephalopathy,
        Progressive Non-fluent Aphasia,
        Semantic Dementia
         

        AD 

        100% 

        55 of 55 

        TRIP11 

        Achondrogenesis Type 1A, 
        Odontochondrodysplasia 

        AR 

        98.94% 

        20 of 21 

        TRPV4 

        Autosomal Dominant 
        Brachyolmia Autosomal
        Dominant Congenital Benign
        Spinal Muscular Atrophy,
        Primary Avascular Necrosis
        Of Femoral Head, 
        Brachyrachia,
        Familial Digital
        Arthropathy-Brachydactyly,
        Hereditary Motor And Sensory
        Neuropathy Type IIC,
        Nonlethal Dominant 
        Metatropic Dysplasia,
        Parastremmatic Dwarfism,
         
        Scapuloperoneal Spinal
        Muscular Atrophy,
        Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, 
        Maroteaux Type,
         
        Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia,
        Kozlowski Type
         

        AD 

        100% 

        88 of 88 

        TTC21B 

        Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy,
         
        Jeune Syndrome, Nephronophthisis,
        Joubert Syndrome
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        67 of 67 

        TYROBP 

        Nasu-Hakola Disease,
        Polycystic 
        Lipomembranous
         Osteodysplasia With Sclerosing
        Leukoencephalopathy
         

        AR 

        100% 

        12 of 13 

        UFSP2 

        Hip Dysplasia,
        Beukes Type,
         
        Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia,
        Di Rocco Type
         

        AD 

        99.83% 

        3 of 3 

        VPS33A 

        Mucopolysaccharidosis-Like
        Syndrome With Congenital
        Heart Defects And Hematopoietic
        Disorders
         

        AR 

        97.86% 

        1 of 1 

        WDR11 

        Hypogonadotropic
        Hypogonadism With Or
        Without Anosmia, 
        Kallmann Syndrome, 
        Normosmic Congenital
        Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism,
        Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome
         

        AD,AR 

        100% 

        19 of 19 

        WDR19 

        Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy, 
        Cranioectodermal 
        Dysplasia, 
        Jeune Syndrome,
        Nephronophthisis,
        Senior-
        Loken Syndrome, 

        AR 

        99.96% 

        47 of 49 

        WDR35 

        Cranioectodermal Dysplasia,
        Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome,
        Verma-
        Naumoff Type,
        Short-Rib Thoracic Dysplasia
        With Or Without Polydactyly
         

        AR 

        100% 

        31 of 33 

        XYLT1 

        Desbuquois Dysplasia, 
        Desbuquois Syndrome, 
        Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum 

        AR 

        92.61% 

        19 of 23 

         

        * Inheritance: AD: Autosomal Dominant; AR: Autosomal Recessive; X: X linked; XLR: X linked Recessive; Mi: Mitochondrial; Mu: Multifactorial 

        ** HGMD: Number of clinically relevant mutations according to HGMD

        Methodology

        References

        See scientific referrals

        Nikkel, S. (2017). Skeletal Dysplasias: What Every Bone Health Clinician Needs to Know. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 15(5), 419-424. doi: 10.1007/s11914-017-0392-x 

        Calder, A. (2020). The changing world of skeletal dysplasia. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(4), 253-254. doi: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30056-0 

        Mortier, G., Cohn, D., Cormier‐Daire, V., Hall, C., Krakow, D., & Mundlos, S. et al. (2019). Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision. American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part A, 179(12), 2393-2419. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61366 

        Krakow D. (2015). Skeletal dysplasias. Clinics in perinatology, 42(2), 301–viii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2015.03.003 

        Maddirevula, S., Alsahli, S., Alhabeeb, L., Patel, N., Alzahrani, F., & Shamseldin, H. et al. (2018). Expanding the phenome and variome of skeletal dysplasia. Genetics In Medicine, 20(12), 1609-1616. doi: 10.1038/gim.2018.50 

        Huybrechts, Y., Mortier, G., Boudin, E., & Van Hul, W. (2020). WNT Signaling and Bone: Lessons From Skeletal Dysplasias and Disorders. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11, 165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00165 

        Lachman, R. S., Tiller, G. E., Graham, J. M., Jr, & Rimoin, D. L. (1992). Collagen, genes and the skeletal dysplasias on the edge of a new era: a review and update. European journal of radiology, 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0720-048x(92)90052-b 

        Offiah A. C. (2015). Skeletal Dysplasias: An Overview. Endocrine development, 28, 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381051 

        Rimoin, D. L., Cohn, D., Krakow, D., Wilcox, W., Lachman, R. S., & Alanay, Y. (2007). The skeletal dysplasias: clinical-molecular correlations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1117, 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1402.072 

        Frias J. L. (1975). Genetic heterogeneity in skeletal dysplasias. Annals of clinical and laboratory science, 5(6), 435–439. 

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